How is "compaction" defined in agricultural soils?

Compaction in agricultural soils refers to the densification of soil particles which leads to a reduction in pore space. When soil becomes compacted, the arrangement of soil particles is altered, resulting in less air and water movement through the soil. This phenomenon can have detrimental effects on root growth, water infiltration, and overall soil health. It typically occurs due to mechanical pressure from heavy equipment, excessive foot traffic, or poor management practices.

The reduction in pore space restricts the availability of oxygen for roots and soil microbes, thereby impacting plant growth and soil ecosystem functioning. Understanding compaction is crucial for effective crop management, as it emphasizes the need for practices that maintain soil structure and health.