How can over-fertilization negatively impact crop yield?

Over-fertilization can negatively impact crop yield primarily because it causes nutrient runoff and soil degradation. When excessive fertilizers are applied, especially in areas with heavy rainfall or irrigation, nutrients can leach from the soil into nearby water bodies. This runoff can lead to environmental issues such as eutrophication, where excess nutrients promote algal blooms that deplete oxygen in the water, harming aquatic life.

Additionally, the over-application of fertilizers can disrupt the natural balance of soil nutrients. This disruption can lead to soil degradation, characterized by diminished soil structure, reduced fertility, and decreased microbial activity, which are all critical for sustaining healthy crop growth. Consequently, soil that has been over-fertilized may become less capable of supporting plants effectively, ultimately leading to reduced crop yields over time.

Understanding this dynamic helps highlight the importance of balanced fertilization practices to optimize crop health while preserving the ecosystem.